Treffer: Impacts of Predicted Liquid Fraction and Multiple Ice‐Phase Categories on the Simulation of Hail in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) Microphysics Scheme.

Since its inception in 2015, the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) bulk microphysics scheme has undergone several major developments. Ice is now represented by a user‐specified number of freely‐evolving (non‐prescribed) categories; the liquid fraction of particles is predicted, thereby allowing for mixed‐phase particles and improved process rates; and the scheme is triple‐moment, which allows the size spectral width to vary independently. As such, P3 is now capable of representing key properties and microphysical processes that are important for hail. In this study, the impacts of some new capabilities of P3 on the simulation of hail amounts and sizes are examined in the context of idealized, high‐resolution (200‐m isotropic grid spacing) hailstorm simulations using a cloud‐resolving model. Sensitivity tests are conducted to examine the impacts of (a) the predicted liquid fraction, and (b) the number of generic ice‐phase categories (varied between one and four). Predicted liquid fraction leads to a more realistic treatment of melting and shedding, which decreases the mean ice (hail) sizes during melting compared to the original P3 scheme. In contrast, with an increasing number of ice‐phase categories, the problem of property dilution is mitigated, ultimately resulting in greater quantities of hail and larger sizes reaching the surface. It is argued that the latest version of the P3 scheme is now capable of realistically representing the major microphysical processes involved in the initiation, growth, and decay of hail. Plain Language Summary: The Predicted Particle Properties (P3) scheme is a piece of computer code, used in atmospheric numerical models, that calculates the bulk effects of cloud processes that ultimately lead to precipitation. Since its inception in 2015, the P3 scheme has undergone several major developments. Ice‐phase particles are now represented by a user‐specified number of freely evolving generic categories; P3 now predicts the liquid fraction which allows for mixed‐phase particles and more accurate calculations of physical processes; and there is flexibility in representing the distribution of ice particle sizes. With these features, P3 is now capable of simulating the physical processes related to the growth and decay of hail. In this study, the impacts of the new features on the simulation of hail were examined using a fine‐scale, detailed numerical model capable of simulating individual storms. The predicted liquid fraction was shown to improve the simulation of hail melting and resulted in smaller hail at the surface. In contrast, increasing the number of ice‐phase categories ultimately allows for the simulation of larger hail sizes. Key Points: Predicting the liquid fraction improves the parameterization of melting and results in reduced hail sizesThe use of multiple free ice‐phase categories reduces the dilution of bulk physical properties of ice and increases hail sizesWith recent updates, the Predicted Particle Properties bulk microphysics scheme is well‐suited for modeling hailstorms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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