Treffer: Dual branch neural network with dynamic learning mechanism for P300-based brain-computer interfaces.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) system offers an alternative or supplementary means of interaction for individuals with disabilities. P300 speller is a commonly utilized BCI system due to its high stability, and reliability and without intensive user training. Nevertheless, the inherent class imbalance within P300 datasets predisposes the system to overfit, potentially impacting the classification performances. Existing class rebalancing methods mainly rely on resampling or adjusting the class weight with a fixed value, thus it is still tricky to ensure that the output is evenly balanced. To mitigate the above class imbalance issue, this study proposes a dual branch learning (DBL) method that concurrently considers feature representation and class imbalance. This approach involves the ingestion of two distinct sample types-uniformly sampled and reverse-sampled data-into the feature extraction and classification modules during the training phase. Furthermore, a dynamic learning mechanism is implemented to incrementally emphasize minority class samples (specifically the P300 component) as training progresses. The effectiveness of the proposed DBL method is proved using both publicly accessible and self-collected datasets in a subject-dependent scheme. The proposed DBL method can achieve an accuracy of 97.37 % and 88.72 % in the above datasets. Besides, it provides superior and more reliable results compared with several deep learning and rebalancing methods. These findings highlight the promising potential of the proposed DBL framework in P300-based BCI.
(Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.