Result: Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC-IMS Combined with OPLS-DA.

Title:
Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC-IMS Combined with OPLS-DA.
Authors:
Liu J; College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China., Duan H; College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China., Wang L; Metrology and Food & Drug Testing Center of Shunyi, Beijing 100029, China., Qin R; School of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China., Liu J; School of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China., Liu H; School of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China., Bao S; Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China., Yan W; College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China.
Source:
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) [Foods] 2025 Sep 29; Vol. 14 (19). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 29.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: MDPI AG Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101670569 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2304-8158 (Print) Linking ISSN: 23048158 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Foods Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI AG, [2012]-
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Grant Information:
Beijing Union University Key Major Cultivation Project (ZK10202501) Beijing Union University
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: GC–IMS; OPLS–DA; geographical origin; hierarchical clustering; safflower; volatile organic compounds
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20251016 Date Completed: 20251016 Latest Revision: 20251019
Update Code:
20251019
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12523545
DOI:
10.3390/foods14193381
PMID:
41097549
Database:
MEDLINE

Further Information

This study aimed to systematically characterize the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) from eight major production regions, providing a scientific basis for quality evaluation and geographical traceability. VOC profiling was conducted using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and regional differences were assessed through multivariate statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), Euclidean distance, and hierarchical clustering. Key differential compounds were identified by variable importance in projection (VIP) and relative odor activity value (ROAV) analyses, with aldehydes and esters emerging as the primary contributors to the discrimination of samples across regions. VOC fingerprints of safflower were further established, and a combined VIP-ROAV strategy was proposed for the screening of characteristic compounds. These findings provide a reliable reference for safflower quality control and offer practical guidance for its geographical authentication in the food industry.