Treffer: Visualization of sun protect factor (SPF): a new method to assess the performance of sunscreen using photochromic film.
Title:
Visualization of sun protect factor (SPF): a new method to assess the performance of sunscreen using photochromic film.
Authors:
Yousefian O; Beiersdorf Inc. R&D Innovation Center, 6 Vreeland Rd, Florham Park, NJ, 07932, USA., Ruvolo E; Beiersdorf Inc. R&D Innovation Center, 6 Vreeland Rd, Florham Park, NJ, 07932, USA. eduardo.ruvolo@beiersdorf.com.
Source:
Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology [Photochem Photobiol Sci] 2025 Dec; Vol. 24 (12), pp. 2169-2181. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 01.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101124451 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1474-9092 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1474905X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Photochem Photobiol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Publication: 2021- : [London] : Springer
Original Publication: Cambridge, UK : Royal Society of Chemistry, c2002-
Original Publication: Cambridge, UK : Royal Society of Chemistry, c2002-
MeSH Terms:
References:
Harrison, L. (2002). Ultraviolet radiation, human health, and the urban forest, In Protecting public health and the environment: implementing the precautionary principle, pp. 129–137.
Green, A. C., McDonagh, D. L., & Suscha, C. (2011). Factors contributing to the facial aging of identical twins. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 10, 108–113.
Green, C. A., Williams, M. G., Logan, V., & Struton, M. G. (2011). Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: Randomized trial follow-up. Journal Clinical Oncology, 29(3), 257–263.
Strom, S., & Yamamura, Y. (1997). Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 24(4), 627–636. (PMID: 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32286-09342506)
Hayden, J., Wilkes, E., & Choiniere, J. A. (2020). Sunscreen use in schools: A content analysis of school sunscreen policies. Journal of School Health, 90, 842–848.
Cole, C. (2001). Sunscreen protection in the ultraviolet A region: How to measure the effectiveness. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 17(2), 2–10. (PMID: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2001.017001002.x11169170)
Zou, W. , Ramanathan, R. , Urban, S., Sinclair, C., King, K., Tinker, R., & Bansal, V. (2022) Sunscreen testing: A critical perspective and future roadmap. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 157, 116724.
Food, & Administration, D. (2011). Labeling and Effectiveness Testing; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Cosmetics—sun protection test methods—in vivo determination of the sun protection.
Pomponi, V., Abeni, D., & Rossi, M. (2020). In vivo sunscreen performance: Challenges and current perspectives. Photodermatology Photoimmunology, 36, 158–164.
Li, W., Wu, X., & Wu, C. (2019). A review on sunscreen products: Current regulations, safety concerns, and research efforts. Journal of the American, 81, 758–765.
Rohr, M., Ernst, N., & Schrader, A. (2018). Hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: non-erythemal in vivo testing of sun protection factor. Skin, 31, 220–228.
Ruvolo, E., Cole, C., & Kollias, N. (2014). New non-invasive approach assessing in vivo sun protection factor (spf) using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and in vitro transmission. Photodermatology Photoimmunology Photomedicine, 30, 202–211. (PMID: 10.1111/phpp.12105)
Cole, C., Silverman, J., & Bonitatibus, M. (2019). Evaluating sunscreen ultraviolet protection using a polychromatic diffuse reflectance device. Photomedicine Photoimmunology Photodermatology, 35, 436–441. (PMID: 10.1111/phpp.12496)
Pissavini, M., Tricaut, C., Wiener, G., Lauer, A., Contier, M., Kolbe, L., Trullas Cabanas, C., Boyer, F., Meredith, E., Lapuente, J., Dietrich, E., & Matts, P. J. (2020). Validation of a new in vitro sun protection factor method to include a wide range of sunscreen product emulsion types. International Journal of Cosmetic, 42, 421–428.
Breneman, A., & Belsito, V. D. (2022). Sun Protection Factor Testing: A Call for an In Vitro Method, Cutis, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. E15-E17.
Pissavini, M., Tricaud, C., Wiener, G., Lauer, A., Contier, M., Kolbe, L., Trullas Cabanas, C., Boyer, F., Nollent, V., Meredith, E., Dietrich, E., & Matts, P. J. (2018). Validation of an in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) method in blinded ring-testing. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(3), 263–268. (PMID: 10.1111/ics.12459)
Miksa, S., Lutz, D., Guy, C., & Delamour, E. (2016). Sunscreen sun protection factor claim based on in vivo interlaboratory variability. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38, 541–549. (PMID: 10.1111/ics.1233327079525)
Moyal, D., Chardon, A., & Kollias, N. (2000). Determination of Uva protection factors using the persistent pigment darkening (ppd) as the end point: (part 1) calibration method. Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 16, 245–249. (PMID: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2000.160602.x)
ISO24443: 2021 Cosmetics-sun protection test method - Determination of the UVA Photoprotection in vitro.
ISO24442: 2022 Cosmetics-sun protection test method - Determination of the UVA Photoprotection in vivo.
Kollias, N., Baqer, A., Sadiq, I., Gilles, R., & Ou-Yang, H. (2003). Measurement of solar Uvb variations by polysulphone film. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 78, 220–224. (PMID: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0220:MOSUVB>2.0.CO;214556306)
Kollias, N., & Baqer, A. (1984). Measurements of solar middle ultraviolet radiation in Kuwait. Solar & Wind Technology, 1(1), 59–62. (PMID: 10.1016/0741-983X(84)90034-1)
Green, A. C., McDonagh, D. L., & Suscha, C. (2011). Factors contributing to the facial aging of identical twins. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 10, 108–113.
Green, C. A., Williams, M. G., Logan, V., & Struton, M. G. (2011). Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: Randomized trial follow-up. Journal Clinical Oncology, 29(3), 257–263.
Strom, S., & Yamamura, Y. (1997). Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 24(4), 627–636. (PMID: 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32286-09342506)
Hayden, J., Wilkes, E., & Choiniere, J. A. (2020). Sunscreen use in schools: A content analysis of school sunscreen policies. Journal of School Health, 90, 842–848.
Cole, C. (2001). Sunscreen protection in the ultraviolet A region: How to measure the effectiveness. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 17(2), 2–10. (PMID: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2001.017001002.x11169170)
Zou, W. , Ramanathan, R. , Urban, S., Sinclair, C., King, K., Tinker, R., & Bansal, V. (2022) Sunscreen testing: A critical perspective and future roadmap. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 157, 116724.
Food, & Administration, D. (2011). Labeling and Effectiveness Testing; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Cosmetics—sun protection test methods—in vivo determination of the sun protection.
Pomponi, V., Abeni, D., & Rossi, M. (2020). In vivo sunscreen performance: Challenges and current perspectives. Photodermatology Photoimmunology, 36, 158–164.
Li, W., Wu, X., & Wu, C. (2019). A review on sunscreen products: Current regulations, safety concerns, and research efforts. Journal of the American, 81, 758–765.
Rohr, M., Ernst, N., & Schrader, A. (2018). Hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: non-erythemal in vivo testing of sun protection factor. Skin, 31, 220–228.
Ruvolo, E., Cole, C., & Kollias, N. (2014). New non-invasive approach assessing in vivo sun protection factor (spf) using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and in vitro transmission. Photodermatology Photoimmunology Photomedicine, 30, 202–211. (PMID: 10.1111/phpp.12105)
Cole, C., Silverman, J., & Bonitatibus, M. (2019). Evaluating sunscreen ultraviolet protection using a polychromatic diffuse reflectance device. Photomedicine Photoimmunology Photodermatology, 35, 436–441. (PMID: 10.1111/phpp.12496)
Pissavini, M., Tricaut, C., Wiener, G., Lauer, A., Contier, M., Kolbe, L., Trullas Cabanas, C., Boyer, F., Meredith, E., Lapuente, J., Dietrich, E., & Matts, P. J. (2020). Validation of a new in vitro sun protection factor method to include a wide range of sunscreen product emulsion types. International Journal of Cosmetic, 42, 421–428.
Breneman, A., & Belsito, V. D. (2022). Sun Protection Factor Testing: A Call for an In Vitro Method, Cutis, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. E15-E17.
Pissavini, M., Tricaud, C., Wiener, G., Lauer, A., Contier, M., Kolbe, L., Trullas Cabanas, C., Boyer, F., Nollent, V., Meredith, E., Dietrich, E., & Matts, P. J. (2018). Validation of an in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) method in blinded ring-testing. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(3), 263–268. (PMID: 10.1111/ics.12459)
Miksa, S., Lutz, D., Guy, C., & Delamour, E. (2016). Sunscreen sun protection factor claim based on in vivo interlaboratory variability. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38, 541–549. (PMID: 10.1111/ics.1233327079525)
Moyal, D., Chardon, A., & Kollias, N. (2000). Determination of Uva protection factors using the persistent pigment darkening (ppd) as the end point: (part 1) calibration method. Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 16, 245–249. (PMID: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2000.160602.x)
ISO24443: 2021 Cosmetics-sun protection test method - Determination of the UVA Photoprotection in vitro.
ISO24442: 2022 Cosmetics-sun protection test method - Determination of the UVA Photoprotection in vivo.
Kollias, N., Baqer, A., Sadiq, I., Gilles, R., & Ou-Yang, H. (2003). Measurement of solar Uvb variations by polysulphone film. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 78, 220–224. (PMID: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0220:MOSUVB>2.0.CO;214556306)
Kollias, N., & Baqer, A. (1984). Measurements of solar middle ultraviolet radiation in Kuwait. Solar & Wind Technology, 1(1), 59–62. (PMID: 10.1016/0741-983X(84)90034-1)
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: Photobiology; Photochromic film; Sun protection factor (SPF); Sunscreen; UVA protection factor (UVA-PF)
Substance Nomenclature:
0 (Sunscreening Agents)
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20251201 Date Completed: 20251218 Latest Revision: 20251218
Update Code:
20251218
DOI:
10.1007/s43630-025-00815-7
PMID:
41324889
Database:
MEDLINE
Weitere Informationen
Sunscreen efficacy assessment is crucial for ensuring effective protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In this study, we employed a novel approach using photochromic ionizing radiation dosimetry films to evaluate sunscreen performance. The action spectrum analysis of the photochromic film revealed heightened sensitivity to UVB radiation, diminishing with increasing wavelength. Using VITRO-SKIN <sup>®</sup> as a substrate, we tested sunscreen samples and quantified color changes in the photochromic film after exposure to UVA + UVB and UVA radiations. The results demonstrated the film's ability to discern varying levels of UV protection in sunscreen formulations, with a notable correlation between colorimetric measurements (ΔE and ΔL <sup>*</sup> ) and in-vitro SPF/UVA-PF values. Our findings suggest the potential of photochromic dosimetry films as a valuable tool for screening sunscreen efficacy, particularly in UVB protection evaluation and its correlation with UVA-PF. This research can help consumers visualize protection, application quantity, and evenness. Further research is warranted to refine assessment metrics for comprehensive sunscreen evaluation, especially regarding UVA radiation protection.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
Declarations. Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests.