Treffer: Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.

Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.

GBD 2023 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators

The Lancet. Infectious diseases [Lancet Infect Dis] 2025 Dec 15. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 15.

Ahead of Print

Journal Article

English

Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101130150 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1474-4457 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14733099 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: New York, NY : Elsevier Science ; The Lancet Pub. Group, 2001-

Investigator: SB Sirota, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; RG Bender, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; RV Dominguez, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Movo, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; LR Swetschinski, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; DT Araki, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.; C Han, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; EE Wool, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; J He, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Carter, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A A J Jabbar, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.; MA Aalipour, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Aalruz, Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Z Abbasi Dolatabadi, Department of Medical-surgical Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Abbastabar, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Abd ElHafeez, Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; AN Abdalla, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia.; MA Abdalla, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.; Abdullah, Medicine Department, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; EM Abdallah, Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; NMI Abdel Razeq, School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; A Abdelkader, Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; S Abd-Elsalam, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.; SI Abdelwahab, Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; M Abdoun, Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria.; A Abdous, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.; MM Abdrabou, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; JM Abdul Aziz, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; DM Abdulah, Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; A Abdullahi, Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria.; T Abdul-Rahman, Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine.; K Abdykerimova, Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; H Abebe Getahun, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; A Abedi, Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; AA Abejew, School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SH Abidi, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan.; OZ Abil, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.; O Abiodun, Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.; RG Aboagye, Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; H Abolhassani, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.; US Abonie, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.; AT Aborode, Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria.; NM Abourashed, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.; D Abtahi, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Z Abu, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; RK Abu Farha, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; FHA Abuadas, Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; AK Abubakar, Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.; U Abubakar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; N Abu-Elala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt.; E Abu-Gharbieh, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; AY Abuhelwa, Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; HJ Abukhadijah, Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Genomics and Precision Medicine Program, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.; D Abushanab, Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; AB Acharya, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; KP Acharya, Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal.; S Acharya, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; M Achore, Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.; O Adal, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; LC Adams, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; IY Addo, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; TA Adebisi, Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; D Adedia, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; KA Adedokun, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.; NA Adegoke, Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; V Adekanmbi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.; OT Adeleke, Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.; MA Adesina, Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; RO Adesola, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.; CO Adetunji, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria.; JB Adetunji, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.; IP Adewumi, University of Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; MT Adhana, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.; RK Adhikary, Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; A Adiba, Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Institute, Morocco, Beni Mellal, Morocco.; U Adiga, Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India.; M Adnan, Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; QES Adnani, Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.; G Affinito, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.; S Afzal, Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.; GB Agafari, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.; N Aggarwal, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India.; PD Agordoh, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; A Agrawal, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India.; W Agyemang-Duah, Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.; M Ahadi, Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; BO Ahinkorah, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; AA Ahmad, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman.; A Ahmad, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; D Ahmad, School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; F Ahmad, Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organization, World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan.; I Ahmad, College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan.; K Ahmad, Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia.; MM Ahmad, School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; R Ahmad, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.; S Ahmad, Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.; T Ahmad, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan.; A Ahmadi, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; M Ahmadi, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Ahmed, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.; A Ahmed, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda.; GS Ahmed, Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; H Ahmed, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.; MS Ahmed, College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.; MS Ahmed, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; M Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; N Ahmed, Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.; S Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.; SA Ahmed, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.; I Ahmed El-Imam, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Center for International Health Education, and Biosecurity, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.; O Akeju, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; RE Akhigbe, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.; MN Akhtar, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; K Akinosoglou, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece.; H Akram, Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, USA; VentrureBlick.; S Al Awaidy, Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman.; SM Al Hasan, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.; MAM Al Zoubi, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; MA Al-Abbadi, The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; MM Alajlani, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria.; Z Al-Aly, Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, USA.; K Alam, Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.; MK Alam, Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; FM Alanezi, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; TM Alanzi, Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; JO Alao, School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.; A Alarifi, Deputyship of Population Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Longevity Society, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; FY Al-Ashwal, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.; SMA Alavi, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.; M Albashtawy, Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.; MT AlBataineh, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; N Al-Dewik, Translational and Precision Medicine Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; WA Aldhaleei, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.; SM Aleidi, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; F Alemnew, Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; AM Alfalki, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.; AM Algammal, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.; A Alhumaidi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; FA Alhumaydhi, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; HM Ali, Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan.; K Ali, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; L Ali, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; M Ali, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.; MD Ali, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; MU Ali, Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; R Ali, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; S Ali, School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China.; SS Ali, Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.; M Al-Iede, The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; SM Alif, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; M Alimohammadi, Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Alinejad Rokny, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; M Alipour, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.; SW Al-Jabi, Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; M Aljofan, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; SM Aljunid, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.; KS Allemailem, Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; S Al-Marwani, Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan.; JU Almazan, Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; HM Al-Mekhlafi, Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.; A Almobayed, Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.; MM Alnaeem, Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; WMY Alnakshabandie, College of Health Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; HY Alniss, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; MA Alomari, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; JS Alqahtani, Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; AR Al-Qudimat, Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; RM Al-Raddadi, Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; I Alrimawi, Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.; SM Alrousan, Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.; MA Alsabri, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; NZ Alshahrani, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; H Alshetaiwi, Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; YS Alsowaida, Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; Z Altaany, Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Higher College of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; A Altaf, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Masaka, Uganda.; AB Al-Tammemi, Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; JA Al-Tawfiq, Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; MA Althobiani, Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; KA Altirkawi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; N Alvis-Guzman, Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia.; NJ Alvis-Zakzuk, Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.; H Alwafi, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.; M Al-Wardat, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; YM Al-Worafi, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen.; H Aly, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; MSI Alyahya, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; KH Alzoubi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; AS Al-Zubairi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Laboratory Medicine Department, Al-Baha University, Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia.; MA Al-Zubayer, Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; WA Al-Zyoud, Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan.; EJ Amafah, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK.; M Aman Mohammadi, Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.; AF Amhare, Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; S Amini, Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; K Aminu, Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; N Aminu, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.; M Aminzare, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; S Amiri, Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AD Amirtharaj, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.; DA Amugsi, Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.; GA Amusa, Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; F Anagnostakis, Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; EW Anbesu, Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.; R Ancuceanu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.; D Anderlini, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; A Anil, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; DP Anjana, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India.; AA Anjorin, Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria.; K Annadurai, Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India.; BS Anuoluwa, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; IA Anuoluwa, Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; S Anvari, Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; R Anwer, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; AE Anyasodor, Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.; GLC Apostol, School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines.; W Appati, Internal Medicine Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.; J Arabloo, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Arockiaraj, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; M Arooj, University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AA Artamonov, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.; D Arumuganainar, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; N Arystan, Nazarbayev University, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; SMB Asdaq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; MT Asebot, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; SM Asefa, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; MAA Asemahagn, School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SA Ashraf, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; T Ashraf, Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan.; M Ashrafi, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; MS Aslam, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.; Y Asri, Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia.; DZ Assefa, Monash Addiction Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; B Assembekov, Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; O Atac, Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkiye.; SS Athari, Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; SR Atre, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; JA Atta, Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; ZA Atwan, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.; M Augello, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy.; A Aujayeb, Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; K Aurangzeb, Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; SJ Awan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AA Awoke, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; BB Awosile, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA.; HM Ayele, Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; YO Ayipo, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia.; SM Ayyoubzadeh, Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Azad, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; D Azadi, Laboratory Sciences Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; H Azami, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.; SA Aziz, Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; A Azizan, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AE Babatope, Health Information Management, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; GR Babu, Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; IT Bacha, School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.; M Badar, Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.; AA Badran, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt.; F Baghizadeh, Taleghani Anesthesiologist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; KK Baghlaf, Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; R Bahreini, College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA.; AA Baig, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia.; MA Bakhshali, Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; S Balakrishnan, Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India.; M Balooch Hasankhani, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; A Barac, Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; M Barik, Global Health Research, IMPACT Global Consulting, New Delhi, India; Foundation for Reproductive Health Services India, New Delhi, India.; HJ Barqawi, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; MI Bashir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia.; S Bashir, University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; A Bashiri, Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; R Basri, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; Q Bassat, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.; MM Bastan, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AM Batiha, Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia.; K Batra, Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; R Batra, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, USA.; M Bayat, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; ZW Bayleyegn, Department of Social and Administrative pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; AS Bazaid, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; N Bedi, School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; NM Beeraka, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; P Behzadi, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran.; BM Belay, Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; AG Belayneh, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; M Belayneh, Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.; S Bele, Community Medicine, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India.; UI Belgaumi, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; ML Bell, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; MB Bello, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; OO Bello, Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; UM Bello, Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.; SN Bente Kamal Tune, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; OPP Bera, Health Systems Strengthening, Global Health Advocacy Incubator, Washington, DS, USA; Centre for Policy Research and Data Analytics in Health and Environment, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; AA Berihun, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; ANC Bermudez, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.; PJG Bettencourt, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.; A Bhargava, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, USA.; S Bhaskar, Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.; P Bhattacharjee, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; S Bhattacharjee, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), Kolkata, India.; JS Bhatti, Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; MS Bhatti, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.; NK Binsaleh, Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; EM Birru, Strep A & ARF Therapeutics Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; B Biswas, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; MS Biswas, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.; AN Bitar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia.; M Bitew, Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; B Bizzozero-Peroni, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.; T Bodhare, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India.; EK Bogale, Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; A Boloor, Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; P Bolourinejad, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; M Borran, Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; SA Bosoka, Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; A Botero Carvajal, Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia.; S Bouaoud, Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria.; C Boxe, Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.; NI Briko, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; LP Bui, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; F Busch, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Y Bustanji, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; D Calina, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.; A Capodici, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.; A Carugno, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.; F Carvalho, Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; CA Castañeda-Orjuela, Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.; L Cegolon, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy.; M Cenderadewi, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia.; A Cernigliaro, Integrated Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice, Italy; Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory Department, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, Palermo, Italy.; M Cevik, Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.; J Chadwick, Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.; C Chakraborty, Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.; S Chakraborty, State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India.; VK Chattu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India.; LD Chau, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.; AA Chaudhary, Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Chaudhuri, Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India.; A Chaurasia, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; H Chen, Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia.; H Chen, Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; H Chen, Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.; R Chen, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.; X Chen, Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.; NW Chew, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; PR Ching, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.; MJ Chisti, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; WCS Cho, Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China.; B Chong, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; D Chopra, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India.; S Chopra, Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; EK Chowdhury, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; DJ Christopher, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India.; DT Chu, The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam.; TW Chuang, Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.; IS Chukwu, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria.; E Chung, Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; S Chung, Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.; M Chutiyami, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; S Conti, General Administration, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.; A Corlateanu, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.; C Cosma, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.; N Cruz-Martins, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; A Dabbagh, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; O Dadras, Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia.; EM Dagnew, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; X Dai, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; AK Dang, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; RA Daniel, Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India.; P Danpanichkul, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.; SE Danso, Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.; SD Darcho, Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.; B Darouei, Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; AM Darwesh, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.; JK Das, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Das, Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India.; D Davletov, Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; WM de Souza, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.; S Deekonda, Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.; M Del Riccio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Infectieziekten in de Eerste Lijn Programme, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.; I Delgado-Enciso, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSS‑BIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico.; D Demeke, Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; TN Derese, Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; E Dervišević, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; M Dervišević, Clinic of Lung diseases and Tuberculosis, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; G Desalegn, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.; VGC Devanbu, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India.; D Devegowda, JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; SMR Dewan, Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; A Dhali, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.; AS Dhane, Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; ML Dhimal, Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; M Dhimal, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; B Dhungel, Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Di Bella, Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.; A Di Paolo, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.; M Di Pumpo, Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy.; G Ding, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; HT Do, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; MN Do, International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; THP Do, Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam.; KG Dokova, Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.; N Dolatkhah, Research Center for Nutritional Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Dorostkar, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; OP Doshi, Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.; PMM Dourado, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil.; RK Dowou, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; S Duraisamy, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; OC Durojaiye, Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.; S Dutta, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India.; O Ebohon, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria.; MH Ebrahimi, Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.; A Ed-Dra, Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.; C Edeh, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; HA Edinur, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.; F Efendi, Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; F Eghbali, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; E Eini, Private Orthodontist, Ahvaz, Iran.; M Ekholuenetale, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.; SM Eko, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; RA El Arab, Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; I El Sayed, Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M El Sayed Zaki, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; A Eldaboush, Perelman's School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; M El-Deyarbi, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; M Elhadi, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.; YAM Elhadi, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Healthcare Policy and Financing, Global Health Focus, Khartoum, Sudan.; M Elhoumed, National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania.; OAA Elmeligy, Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Elmonem, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; MH Elnaem, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.; M Elshaer, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; AS Eltahawy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt.; S Eshetie, Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; B Eshrati, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; G Eshun, Wassa Amenfi East Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Wassa Akropong, Ghana.; M Eslami, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.; H Fadavian, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.; AF Fagbamigbe, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.; IR Fakhradiyev, Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; M Fally, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Q Fan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.; M Farahmand, Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Farasani, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; M Fareed, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; A Farhana, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.; SMY Farooq, Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan.; FO Fasina, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.; MM Fasina, Charité University Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; A Fatehizadeh, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.; Z Fatima, University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; G Fekadu, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.; P Ferrara, Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.; N Ferreira, Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; G Fetensa, Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.; BR Feyisa, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; BS Firew, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; F Fischer, Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; M Fonzo, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.; C Fortuna Rodrigues, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; OD Fowotade, Department of Statistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Corvallis, OR, USA.; PA Gaal, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania.; AG Gad, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; S Gaihre, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.; M Gajdács, Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.; B Ganesh, Laboratory Sciences Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.; S Gangachannaiah, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; X Gao, Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; FJB Garcia, Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.; D Garcia-Azorin, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.; J Garlasco, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.; Z Gatzioufas, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; RK Gautam, Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India.; TG Gebremeskel, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.; GW Geremew, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; BD Gessner, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA; Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France.; GK Getahun, Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; G Getaneh, Health Systems Management and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; KY Gete, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; K Ghadiri, Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; K Ghaffari, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; A Ghamkhar, Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.; L Gharaibeh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan.; M Ghasemi, Neurology Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MA Ghatee, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; RM Ghazy, Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.; S Ghimire, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; S Ghoba, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; AU Gil, Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan.; SA Gilani, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BR Giri, Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India.; A Girombelli, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy.; L Göbölös, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; K Gohari, Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran.; P Goleij, Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; M Golmohammadi, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; W Gong, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.; YA Goshu, Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; HA Guadie, Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SY Guan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; G Guarducci, Medical Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.; MIM Gubari, Department of Clinical Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.; KA Gulma, School of Global Health and Bioethics, Euclid University, Banjul, The Gambia.; DA Gunawardane, Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka.; AK Gupta, Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.; G Gupta, Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; L Gupta, Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.; S Gupta, Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India.; S Gupta, Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.; VB Gupta, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; VK Gupta, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; RS Gutiérrez-Murillo, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; J Guzman-Esquivel, Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico.; AD Habteyohannes, Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; M Hadei, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Climate Change and Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; NR Hadi, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.; Z Hadian, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Hafiz, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Programme, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; N Hai Nam, Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; A Haile, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; KT Hailu, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.; S Haller, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany.; IM Hamad, Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan.; M Hamed, Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; A Hammoud, Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia.; D Han Yekdeş, Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkiye.; A Hanif, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye.; N Hanifi, Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; F Hanna, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; A Haque, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A' Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; H Harapan, Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia.; ZB Harboe, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital, North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.; S Harsini, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.; EMM Has, Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.; I Hasan, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MK Hasan, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; H Hasani, Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AH Haselbeck, Interventions and Implementation Research Department, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.; A Hashem Zadeh, Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; institute of radiology and radiological sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; MH Hashempur, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; A Hasnain, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.; MS Hasnain, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India.; A Hassan, Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; IN Hassan, Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.; I Hassan, Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria.; MI Hassan, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; MA Hassan, Health School and Data Science, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia.; N Hassan, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; S Hassani, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; LW Hathagoda, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Paediatric Professorial Unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; K Hayat, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; Q He, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; B Heibati, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; M Heidari, Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; YA Helmy, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.; A Hendy, College of Nursing, Qassim University, El-Molida, Saudi Arabia.; C Herteliu, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.; K Hezam, Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.; Y Hiraike, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; R Holla, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; JGG Holler, Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.; A Hossain, Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MS Hossain, Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.; M Hosseinzadeh, School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of AI, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.; M Hostiuc, Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.; S Hostiuc, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.; J Huang, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; Y Huang, Advanced Institute of Convergence Knowledge Informatics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.; K Hushmandi, Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Hussain, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; AM Hussein, Faculty of Health and Science, Koya University, Erbil, Iraq.; D Hussein, Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia.; MA Hussein, Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; NR Hussein, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; MI Husseiny, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.; SE Ibitoye, Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; L Ibragimova, Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; AA Ibrahim, Physiotherapy Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq.; KS Ibrahim, Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; A Ibrayeva, Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; A Ikiroma, Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, Scotland.; A Ikram, institute of molecular biology and biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; KS Ikuta, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; OS Ilesanmi, West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; IM Ilic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; MD Ilic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.; MH Ilyas, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; S Ilyasu, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.; MT Imam, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.; M Immurana, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; LM Irham, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; MA Isa, Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.; AA Ishaqui, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.; MR Islam, School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MS Islam, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Eastern University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Journal of Biosciences and Public Health (JBPH), 4-Green Research Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; SMS Islam, Department of Nutrition, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.; SS Ismael, University of Duhok, University of Dhaka, Duhok, Iraq.; F Ismail, Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya.; NE Ismail, Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia.; Y Ismoldayev, Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Iwagami, Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; CJ Iwu-Jaja, Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.; AN Iyasu, Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.; J Jaafari, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; A Jadidi, Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; H Jahrami, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain.; A Jain, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; M Jakovljevic, UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.; M Jalloh, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Jamal, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; QMS Jamal, Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; J Jamaluddin, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; J James, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; RDG Jamora, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Bonifacio Global City, Philippines.; E Jarrahi, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran.; A Javadi Mamaghani, Department of Parasitology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; J Javidnia, Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; T Jawaid, Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Jayaram, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India.; RD Jayasinghe, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; YA Jayasinghe, Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria.; JJ Jeon, Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea.; S Jeong, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; M Jiang, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; W Jin, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; I Johnston, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.; N Jomehzadeh, Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.; JB Jonas, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.; J Jose, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.; AP Joseph, School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; N Joseph, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; K Joshi, Institute of National Importance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India.; CE Joshua, Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria.; V K, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; B Kaambwa, Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; V Kadashetti, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; DHH Kadir, Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; MF Kadir, Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University, Lillington, NC, USA.; J Kaibullayeva, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; K Kalavani, Department of Health, Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.; S Kalra, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.; MA Kamal, Department of Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia.; RT Kamorudeen, Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, UK; Osun State Hospital Management Board.; O Kamyshnyi, Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.; J Kang, School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; KK Kanmodi, Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Caleb University, Imota, Nigeria.; S Kannan S, Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India.; S Kant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; D Kar, IMS & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; D Kar, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.; M Karajizadeh, Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; P Karakasis, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; J Karami, Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Karch, Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.; A Karimi Behnagh, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Artificial Intelligence in Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Karkhah, Department of Medical‑Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; MI Karobari, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; TMM Karpiński, Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.; FZ Kashoo, Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.; MK Kashyap, Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; NBB Kassahun, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of HIV, Hepatitis and STD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.; MA Kausar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; F Kazemi, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; AZ Kebede, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; HK Kebede, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; YT Kebede, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport, CT, USA.; MH Keivanlou, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; JH Kempen, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; A Keshwani, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; YS Khader, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; H Khajuria, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; HO Khalifa, Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.; AA Khalil, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; P Khalili, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Khamesipour, Food and Drug Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran.; A Khan, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; FUU Khan, Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; IW Khan, Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, PA, USA.; IH Khan, University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; M Khan, Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; MI Khan, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; MU Khan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; S Khan, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; YS Khan, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; Z Khan, Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.; SU Khasbage, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India.; H Khatatbeh, Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; MM Khatatbeh, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; KA Kheirallah, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; M Khezeli, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; P Khoshvaght, Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; S Khoshvaght, Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; F Khosravi, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; S Khosravi, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.; G Kim, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.; HJ Kim, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.; MS Kim, Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; RW Kimokoti, Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, USA; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, USA.; S Kini B, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; A Kisa, School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; S Kisa, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.; L Kishore, School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India.; D Klu, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; S Km, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; S Kochhar, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India.; SWC Koh, Family Medicine Development, National University Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; AA Kolahi, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Kompani, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; WE Korma, College of Medicine and Health Science, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia.; T Kormoker, Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; VA Korshunov, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; O Korzh, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.; K Kostev, Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.; PA Koul, Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India.; JP Kretchy, Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana.; K Krishan, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.; M Kuddus, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; CE Kuehni, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, ISPM University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; I Kuitunen, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.; M Kulimbet, Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; S Kulshreshtha, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.; E Kumah, Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.; D Kumar, Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.; J Kumar, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.; K Kumar, Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; N Kumar, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.; R Kumar, Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; T Kumar, Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.; V Kumar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.; S Kumaran, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, Chennai, India.; S Kundu, Public Health Department, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.; J Kunjavara, Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; SK Kunutsor, Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; OP Kurmi, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; MD Kurniasari, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.; PK Kushawaha, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; D Kusuma, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.; A Kuttybayev, Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; JP Kuwornu, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.; V Kytö, Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.; A La Vecchia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.; C Lahariya, Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India.; H Lai, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.; T Lajunen, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; B Lakanova, Department of Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; DK Lal, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.; F Lanfranchi, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; CL Lau, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; T Lawanson, Centre for Clinical Trials, Research, and Implementation Science (CCTRIS), Lagos, Nigeria.; DH Le, Department of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.; TTT Le, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; C Ledda, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; SV Lee, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; SW Lee, Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea.; WC Lee, Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.; V Leivaditis, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.; DA Lemma, Department of Pharmacy, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia.; MSS Lewis, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India.; C Li, Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.; X Li, Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.; J Lin, International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; G Liu, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; H Liu, Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.; J Liu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China.; X Liu, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Y Liu, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.; Z Liu, College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University, Xinyu, China.; E Llanaj, Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.; MS Lodhi, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; MJ Loftus, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; K Lu, Clinical Pharmacy Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.; J Lubinda, Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.; G Lucchetti, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.; P Luo, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; AM Lutambi, Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.; H Lv, Department of Epidemiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.; MD Lytras, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.; E Lytvyak, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; HI M Amin, Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; KS Ma, Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; ZF Ma, Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.; M Mabrok, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt.; F Madadi, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Madadizadeh, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.; P Maffia, School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.; F Maghool, Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; EA Magwe, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ruaha Catholic University (RUCU), Iringa, Tanzania.; SA Mahamed, Department of One Health in Tropical Infectiousness Diseases, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; College of Health Science, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia.; NH Mahmood, Research Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; S Mahmoudi, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.; AA Malik, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; S Malik, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; T Malik, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.; LA Malinga, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.; B Malkamu, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; A Manilal, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; F Mansoor, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Manzoor, Research Institute for Medical and Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; T Maqbool, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; HR Marateb, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain.; K Margetis, Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.; M Marks-Hultström, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; BA Martinez-Guerra, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.; FR Martins-Melo, Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.; M Martorell, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.; RR Marzo, Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.; S Marzouk, Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; CN Matei, Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Board of Directors, Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania.; Y Mathangasinghe, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; N Mathur, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; FP Matozinhos, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; R Mattiello, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; RJ Maude, Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; G Mavrovounis, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.; SM McPhail, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; RP Mediratta, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; M Mehari, Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.; R Mehboob, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan.; R Mehrotra, Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, India.; LB Mekonnen, Department of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; HN Meles, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.; A Melese, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; E Memary, Anesthesiology Research centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; ZA Memish, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; W Mendoza, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru.; GA Menezes, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; EA Mengistie, Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; TP Menon, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.; SA Meo, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; M Mercogliano, Department of Public Health, University 'Federico II' of Naples, Naples, Italy.; TJ Meretoja, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; MA Merza, College of Pharmacy, Nawroz University, Duhok, Iraq.; T Mestrovic, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.; CDK Mettananda, Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; S Mettananda, Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; MMM Metwally, Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; SDD Mewoabi, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; B Miazgowski, Clinical Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.; IM Michalek, Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.; G Minervini, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; WK Ming, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; GK Mini, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India.; EM Mirrakhimov, Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.; SA Mirshahvalad, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada.; A Mishra, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, India.; S Mishra, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India.; V Mishra, Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India.; MG Mohamed, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhima, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.; NS Mohamed, Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan.; KAH Mohamed Ahmed, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.; T Mohammad, Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; A Mohammadi, Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MK Mohammadi, department of medicinal chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.; MR Mohammadi, Department of Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.; S Mohammadi, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; S Mohammadi, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; O Mohammed, Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India.; S Mohammed, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.; Y Mohammed, Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.; S Mohan, Department of Pharmacology, Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Thruvananthapuram, India; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.; YK Mohanta, Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, India.; M Mohseni, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; A Mohsenzadeh, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AH Mokdad, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Mollaei, Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; L Monasta, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.; MA Moni, AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; M Montalti, Department of Collective Prevention and Public Health, General Directorate for Personal Care, Health, and Welfare, Bologna, Italy.; P Moraga, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.; DF Morais, Department of Health Sciences (Ph.D. Program), Institute of Medical Assistance to State Public Servants (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil.; L Morawska, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; M Morovvati, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Baan Clinic, Baan Clinic, Tehran, Iran.; MM Morsy, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.; FEC Mosquera, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.; JF Mosser, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; R Motappa, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; SA Mousavi, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran.; A Mousavi Khaneghah, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.; F Mousavi Kiasary, Department of Cardiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; SMS Mousavi Kiasary, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; MAA Mousnad, School of Pharmacy (SPH), Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia; International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan.; HL Mowafy, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; K Mozahheb Yousefi, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Mubarik, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; JS Muhammad, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; S Mukherjee, Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India.; A Mukhopadhyay, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.; S Mulatu, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; F Mulita, Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.; M Muniyandi, Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.; K Munjal, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India.; E Murillo-Zamora, Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico.; S Musa, Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.; F Musaigwa, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; S Muthu, Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India.; R Muthusamy, School of Public Health Sciences and Technology, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India.; CM Muvunyi, Director General, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.; M Muzaffar, Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; A Nafei, Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran.; AJ Nagarajan, Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.; K Nagarajan, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India.; G Naguib, Department of Restorative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; GR Naik, Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; H Naik, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; F Nainu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.; S Nair, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Thrissur, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India.; HHR Najmuldeen, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; V Nangia, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.; IA Naqid, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; S Nargus, University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AJ Nashwan, Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; H Nasiri, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; M Nassar, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, USA.; ZS Natto, Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Z Naureen, Dept of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BP Nayak, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; J Nazari, Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; GT Nchanji, Department of Research, Tropical Disease Interventions, Diagnostics, Vaccines and Therapeutics (TroDDIVaT) Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; AT Nega, Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; AA Negash, Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; I Negoi, Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.; RI Negoi, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania.; MH Nematollahi, Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; S Nepal, Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal.; HB Netsere, School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; JCS Ngabonziza, Research, Innovation, and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.; CT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; CT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; HT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; HLT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; L Nguyen, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; NP Nguyen, International Medical Faculty, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, USA.; TT Nguyen, International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; T Nguyen, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; VT Nguyen, Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; RK Niazi, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.; A Nikoobar, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; JMV Niyonsenga, Research Department, JFI Consults Ltd, Kigali, Rwanda.; PA Nkrumah-Boateng, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; CA Nnaji, Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; LA Nnyanzi, Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.; S Nomura, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.; S Noreen, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, LAHORE, Pakistan.; VC Nriagu, Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.; CA Nri-Ezedi, Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.; JC Nshimiyimana, Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic.; F Nugen, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.; MH Nunemo, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.; CN Nwakama, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; CI Nzoputam, Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.; OJ Nzoputam, Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria.; B Oancea, Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania.; FM Oddi, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.; MS Oduro, PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.; AOD Ofakunrin, Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; OA Ogundijo, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OO Ojedoyin, Department of Physiotherapy, The Redeemed Christian Church of God, Ede, Nigeria.; H Okati-Aliabad, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.; SR Okeke, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; AP Okekunle, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OC Okonji, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.; OA Okunlola, Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; PG Okwute, Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.; AT Olagunju, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.; BO Olusanya, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria.; KI Onyedibe, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.; M Opitz, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; AS Oradova, Scientific Laboratory 'Center for Collective Use', Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Ordak, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.; VN Orish, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana.; A Orscelik, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.; E Ortiz-Prado, One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador.; A Osborne, Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; E Osei, University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; EH Othman, Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; OJ Otorkpa, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.; A Ouyahia, Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.; IA Owusu, West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.; OA Oyebanji, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; K Oyebola, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.; T Oyelade, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.; KA Oyeniran, Department of Biological Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education Science & Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria; Plant Systems Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.; OT Oyeyemi, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; I Ozsahin, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkiye.; M P A, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; JR Padubidri, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; DM Paija, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Nadiad, India.; T Palicz, Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.; A Pana, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania.; SK Panda, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; A Pandey, Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; SRR Pandi-Perumal, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India.; GD Panos, Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; I Pantazopoulos, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; G Paolino, Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.; MV Papa, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.; I Papadimopoulos, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; P Paranjkhoo, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.; S Pardhan, Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.; A Parida, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; C Park, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.; A Pashaei, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; M Pasovic, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; R Passera, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy.; J Patel, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Government of Gujarat, Patan, India.; M Patel, Department of Computer Science and Bioscience, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India.; NN Patel, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, USA.; S Patel, Zoology Department, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), NCERT, Ajmer, India.; S Patil, College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA.; D Patoulias, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; S Pawar, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; S Pawar, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; H Pazoki Toroudi, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Pekarcikova, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.; P Peprah, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; G Pereira, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.; N Perera, Department of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.; G Perez Chacon, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; S Perna, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; IR Petcu, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.; OJ Peter, Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; HQ Pham, Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; TT Pham, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; AK Philip, School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; ZZ Piracha, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.; E Pirera, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.; E Plotnikov, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.; D Poddighe, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; RV Polibin, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; R Poluru, Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.; MJ Postma, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.; S Pourasghary, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; R Pourbabaki, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; M Poursadeqiyan, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.; N Pourtaheri, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.; SI Prada, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia.; PMS Pradhan, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; A Prashant, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; EJS Prates, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; T Purkait, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.; J Puvvula, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; H Qanash, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; NH Qasim, Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Cybersecurity, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine.; X Qi, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; Z Qi, School of Public Health, (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, China.; JY Qiu, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.; N Rabiee, Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AGG Rabiu, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria.; B Rachmat, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.; RA Radhakrishnan, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Oman Dental College, Oman.; V Radhakrishnan, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India.; YS Raghav, Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; P Raghuveer, Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.; SK Rahamon, Department of Immunology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; HM Rahim, Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; V Rahimi-Movaghar, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; FM Rahman, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; MM Rahman, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MO Rahman, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MA Rahman, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia.; M Rahmati, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.; SK Raina, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, India.; JP Raj, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; A Raja, Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Rajaa, Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India.; G Rajendran, Trauma and Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai, India.; J Rajendran, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; S Rajindrajith, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; MA Rajizadeh, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; KD Rakhimov, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; MM Ramadan, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; C Ramasamy, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India.; SK Ramasamy, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; S Ramazanu, School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; M Ramzan, University of Mississippi Ole Miss, Oxford, MS, USA.; CL Ranabhat, Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, USA; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal.; F Ranjbar Noei, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; AG Rao, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; M Rao, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; SJ Rao, Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India.; A Rasouli-Saravani, Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; RS Rath, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; I Rathi, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; D Rathish, Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.; SK Rauniyar, Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; DL Rawaf, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK; Inovus Medical, St Helens, UK.; S Rawaf, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK.; A Ray, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; MMRK Reddy, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, IN, USA.; E Redwan, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Reta, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.; LF Reyes, Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia.; N Rezaei, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; M Rezaeian, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.; MR Rizvi, Department of Physiology and Physiotherapy, DIT University, Delhi, India.; L Roever, Department of Clinical Research, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.; R Rohilla, Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India.; MKK Rony, Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; AGP Ross, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; HS Rout, Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.; A Roy, Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.; P Roy, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India.; P Roy, Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India.; S Roy, Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.; S Roy, Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India.; S Roy Chowdhury, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.; P Rubeshkumar, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.; GA Ruela, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.; C S N, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; AMA Saad, Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; M Sabbatucci, Department Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.; MM Saber-Ayad, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.; SK Sadat Rafiei, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MN Saddique, Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.; BA Sadee, Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; E Sadeghi, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; E Sadeghi, Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; B Sadek, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; H Sadr, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; M Saeed, Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; S Saeed, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; U Saeed, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; Operational Research Center in Healthcare; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR) Islamabad, Near East University, Cyprus, Turkiye.; M Saeedi, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.; M Sagharichi, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Saghazadeh, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AK Sah, College of Applied Health Sciences, A' Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman.; I Saha, National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR NIRBI), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India.; A Sahban Rafsanjani, Department of Smart Computing and Cyber Resilience (DSCCR), Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.; F Saheb Sharif-Askari, Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; N Saheb Sharif-Askari, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; A Sahebkar, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; M Sahu, Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, India.; SK Sahu, Zoology, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Bolpur, India.; M Saki, Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.; JW Sakshaug, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany.; B Salami, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.; Z Saleem, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; MA Saleh, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; M Salehi, Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.; M Sallam, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; H Samadi Kafil, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; YL Samodra, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia.; AM Samy, Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.; E Sanjari, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; RK Sanjeev, Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Kattankulathur, India.; S Sankar, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; MM Santric-Milicevic, School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; BP Sao Jose, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; A Saravanan, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India.; H Sarma, Botany Department, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, India.; M Sarmadi, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.; GS Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; SC Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; M Sassano, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; B Sathian, Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.; M Satpathy, UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India.; M Savabi Far, Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy.; GK Saya, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.; M Sedighi, Department of Microbiology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.; H Seifmanesh, General Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Sekaran, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; B Selvaraj, Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; S Selvaraj, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; V Selvaraj, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India.; Y Semenova, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; S Senthilkumaran, Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.; D Serban, Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.; Y Sethi, Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India.; SM Seyed Alshohadaei, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; D Seyedi, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Seylani, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.; YKFS Shaalan, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October city, Egypt.; K Shahbaz, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Shahid, Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; SA Shahid, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.; E Shahini, Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy.; MJ Shahwan, Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; MA Shaikh, Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.; N Shaikh, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.; A Shakeri, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Shakerimoghaddam, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.; S Shakoor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Sham, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.; MA Shamim, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; AH Shams, Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; M Shams-Beyranvand, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.; A Shamsi, Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; D Shan, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.; M Shannawaz, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Sharifan, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.; J Sharifi Rad, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.; PF Sharifian Jazi, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.; A Sharma, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India.; B Sharma, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India.; K Sharma, Department of Chemistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India.; M Sharma, Saint Michael Medical Center, New York Medical College, Newark, NJ, USA.; M Sharma, Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; RK Sharma, Department of University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India.; V Sharma, Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.; RP Shastry, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India.; S Shastry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; R Shawahna, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; A Sheidaei, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran.; RR Shenoy, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; SM Shenoy, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India.; SP Sherchan, Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; M Shetty, Alva's Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India.; PH Shetty, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; PK Shetty, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; W Shi, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; D Shiferaw, Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; MMH Shimul, Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; JI Shin, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.; A Shittu, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; I Shiue, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; C Shivamallu, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; V Shivarov, Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridiski', Sofia, Bulgaria.; A Shoaib, Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; A Shokri, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.; S Shool, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; SA Shorofi, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; S Shrestha, Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.; SA Shuaibu, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; NRS Sibuyi, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.; EE Siddig, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.; LMLR Silva, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.; PP Simkhada, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.; CR Simpson, School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; MK Singer, Radiological Sciences Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.; A Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Singh, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; H Singh, Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.; H Singh, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India.; JA Singh, School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, USA.; K Singh, Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; P Singh, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.; PS Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; P Singh, Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India.; S Singh, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.; S Singh, Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; S Singh, Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India.; S Singh, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; V Singh, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mahaveer Jaipuria Rajasthan Hospital, Jaipur, India.; MK Sinha, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; R Sinto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia.; VY Skryabin, Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK; Royal college of psychiatrists, London, UK.; AA Skryabina, Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; M SobhZahedi, Department of Biology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; MS Sohel, Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; A Sokhan, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Clinical Science Line, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteologie, Vienna, Austria.; AM Soliman, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.; MMS Soliman, Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; NS Soliman, Kasr-AlAiny Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; SSM Soliman, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; H Soltaninejad, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; W Song, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; P Sood, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India.; S Soraneh, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.; RJD Sorensen, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; JB Soriano, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.; M Sorrentino, Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.; AM Spagnolo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; E Spahic, Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; CT Sreeramareddy, Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; K Sridharan, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.; M Srinivasan, JIPMER International School of Public Health, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.; S Sriram, College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.; MH Stanikzai, Department of Public Health, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan.; P Steiropoulos, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.; A Stergachis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; B Stubbs, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; CY Su, Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.; O Subasi, Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; B Subramanian, Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; V Subramaniyan, Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.; H Sujon, Clinical Research Unit, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; SK Sulaiman, Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Yobe, Nigeria.; MJM Sullman, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; T Sundaram, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; CK Swain, Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.; L Szarpak, Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.; SS T Y, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; SM Tabatabaei, Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; SA Tabatabaeizadeh, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.; S Tabatabai, Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; C Tabche, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.; ZM Taha, Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; M Taheri Soodejani, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.; J Taiba, Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.; IM Talaat, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M Tampa, Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania.; M Tanashat, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; M Tanveer, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.; AA Tareke, Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; MK Tariku, Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; S Tariq, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Patient Safety Research Fellow, Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; NY Tat, Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, USA.; VY Tat, Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA.; N Taveira, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.; MG Tedla, Indiana University School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; YM Tefera, Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.; TG Tekulu, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.; T Temedie-Asogwa, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA.; MH Temsah, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; AA Tesfu, Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; B Tessema, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.; CK Thakur, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS), Jumla, Nepal.; P Thangaraju, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India.; R Thapar, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; I Tharwat, Department of Economics, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.; S Tharwat, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; F Thienemann, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.; MK Thind, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.; M Thiruvengadam, Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.; JHV Ticoalu, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia.; K Tiwari, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; VK Tiwari, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.; M Tleshev, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; S Tomo, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; MR Tovani-Palone, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AT Tran, Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; NH Tran, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; QTH Tran, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.; TH Tran, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.; N Tran Minh Duc, Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam.; VTL Trinh, Department of Otolaryngology, Tam Anh Ho Chi Minh City General Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; CD Tristan, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.; SJ Tromans, Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, UK.; C Truppa, CRIMEDIM Center for Research and Training in Global Health, Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.; G Tse, Department of Population Health, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.; VS Tseriotis, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.; LS Tuglo, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; A Ullah, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; H Ullah, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; R Ullah, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; S Ullah, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; L Umar, Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Ministry of Health, Azare, Nigeria; Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital Azare, Azare, Nigeria.; M Umar, Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, Khairpur, Pakistan.; UM Umar, Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.; E Upadhyay, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.; JS Usman, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.; D Uzun Ozsahin, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Near East University, Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Mersin, Turkiye.; H Uzunçıbuk, Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkiye.; N Uzzaman, Community Respiratory Centre, Bangladesh Primary Care Respiratory Society (BPCRS), Khulna, Bangladesh; Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; AG Vaithinathan, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain.; PR Valdez, Sociedad Argentina de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; RS Vaman, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, India, Trivandrum, India; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.; J Van den Eynde, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; TJ Vasankari, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.; SS Vasudevan, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.; B Venkidasamy, Centre for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AK Verma, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; P Verma, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; M Veroux, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; S Villa, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; JH Villafañe, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.; A Vitiello, Directorate general for health prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.; L Vu, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; Y Waheed, NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary.; M Walia, Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India.; A Wander, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.; L Wang, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; X Wang, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.; Y Wang, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.; Y Wang, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.; YA Wassie, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Science, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Gondar, Ethiopia.; I Weerasekara, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Adelaide, North Terrace, NSW, Australia.; X Wei, Department of Geriatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.; DP Wickramasinghe, Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; ND Wickramasinghe, Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.; M Wieckiewicz, Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.; A Wilandika, Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.; AA Wireko, Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany.; CSS Wiysonge, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.; MW Wojewodzic, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.; TE Wonde, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, NSW, Australia.; YC Wondmeneh, Brown School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.; FG Wongnaah, Abuakwa North Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Kukurantumi, Ghana.; F Wu, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.; JF Wu, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.; Z Wu, Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; YM Wubie, Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; Z Xia, Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.; L Xiao, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; N Xiao, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China.; W Xie, Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.; H Xu, Division of Epidemiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; S Xu, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MK Yadav, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; S Yahoo Syed, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; G Yahya, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Y Yakubu, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, St. George's University, St. Georges, Grenada; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; H Yang, Department of Public Health Administration, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.; K Yang, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; X Yang, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; H Yao, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; L Yao, Joe C Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.; MA Yassin, Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; MH YektaKooshali, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; SA Yesuf, Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; TK Yewodiaw, Institute Of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; S Yezli, Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Yi, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; MB Yismaw, Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; YE Yismaw, Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; DK Yon, Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.; N Yonemoto, Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.; Y Yu, School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.; H Yuan, Southeast University Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital, Clinical Hospital, Xuzhou, China.; Q Yuan, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.; U Yunusa, Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; M Yuwanati, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; M Zafar, Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia.; MS Zafar, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; M Zaghampour, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.; F Zakham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen.; G Zamagni, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.; BA Zaman, Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; N Zamora, Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia.; HJ Zar, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.; M Zastrozhin, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, USA.; MGM Zeariya, Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; J Zeb, Higher Education Archives & Libraries Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan.; AB Zemariam, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.; S Zensen, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; EM Zeru, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; H Zhang, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; J Zhang, XuZhou Medical University, University of Medicine, XuZhou, China.; P Zhang, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; X Zhang, Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.; Z Zhang, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.; M Zhanuzakov, Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; C Zhao, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.; L Zhao, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.; B Zhu, School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.; Z Zhu, Unit of Cancer Survivorship, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.; A Zhumagaliuly, Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Zielińska, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.; A Zumla, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, UK.; AH Zyoud, Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; SH Zyoud, Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; SH Zyoud, Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine.; SI Hay, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; M Naghavi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; CJL Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; HH Kyu, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: hmwekyu@uw.edu.

Date Created: 20251218 Latest Revision: 20251218

20251219

10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00689-9

41412141

MEDLINE