Treffer: Philosophical bases of research methods An integrated narrative review

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This narrative review examined the philosophical bases of research methods in terms of: (1) ontology; (2) epistemology; (3) axiology; and (3) methodology. It explored the diversities and similarities between paradigms. Three search strategies were observed including: (1) data search for published research; (2) public engine and manual search; and (3) stakeholders input. Subthemes under ontological assumptions are: (1) singular vs. plural reality; (2) empirical vs. subjective reality; (3) scientific vs. sensuous reality; (4) when the singularity and plurality of reality converge; (5) definitive vs. subjective truth; (6) continuum versus polarity; (7) what really is real; (8) truth, reality and knowledge; and (9) seeing the truth and reality of an objective/subjective from a different perspective. Subthemes under axiological assumptions are: (1) fact-value divide/dichotomy; and (2) ethics. Subthemes under methodological assumptions are: (1) scientific versus naturalism: hard versus soft science; (2) convergence and divergence; (3) linearity is only in the books and not practice; (4) hard or easy; (5) theory, frameworks and literature review; (6) nonstatistical approaches in positivistic approaches; and (7) complementarity. The focus of the lens is guided by philosophical stances. Each paradigm seeks truth, reality and knowledge. Though quantitative inquiry claimed objectivity and qualitative inquiry claim subjectivity, both unconsciously observe the same processes. The division is a continuum that delights its deficiencies. It is when divergence coverges.